Myths of nations which represent traditions and unconscious reflections of people change and transform with time. One such myth is Qi1imarth. According to Iranian mytheology Qiumarth is the first man, and according to Zarathustrian texts, he is both the first man and the first king. In Shahameh, the Persian epic, the mythological Qiumarth has turned into a historical figure, the first king. In Mazdyasni tradition Qiumarth means clay king (Gel shah), a pun which also means mountain king. After Islam the idea of Qiumarth as the first man was mingled with the idea of Adam; Qiumarth was also believed to be originated from clay (earth) so he was called the clay king.

After the entering of Shiite ulama into politics during the reign of king Tahmasp I, a new stage in the history of Shiite ulama and jurisprudence relations with Safavid kings began. These relations never stopped during the Safavid dynasty, although it experienced a little gap in the reign of King Ismail II. During the reign of king Abbas I, these relations have entered a predetermined domain and after the weakening of the Qizilbash, he has centralized power into his own hands. He controlled Shiite ulama and jurisprudence and also prevented them from entering the political matters. The ulama not only agreed on this new situation, they also cooperated with him by accepting regional positions andconfirming his legitimacy. This process continued until the end of the reign of King Abbas II. The king, like his ancestor, tried to rule with absolute power and to keep the ulama at the service of himself and the Safavid state and, in this way, to use them for his own political goals.

Safavid era is one in which historical planning has been done about two centuries in order to establish the sovereignty of Safavid dynasty in Ardebil . After stabilization about two centauries, it finally could gain throne and  religion. Therefore since stability and decline period of each dynasty was affected by its own political, social and economic circumstances, this dynasty was too.Current immortality and corruption of this era began when King Abbas1 didn’t let his sons to interfere in country affairs and lead them to associate with Harem (court of women), a custom which was accepted by subsequent king and the last kings of this dynasty were the most inefficient kings . It is evident that persons who were depended on this court were unaware and decided to be in jollification and success and went on toward their own interests continuously by discord (hypocrisy) and flattery. In this era, there was severe punishment for Emirs, commanders and masters which in turn shows the position of peasants and farmers; kings who didn’t show even least kindness to their children and killed them by a little disobedience or kept them in castles in severe circumstances .This article studies the free living and harshness of court of that era.

Ficus Amstel King plant (Ficus amstel cv. King) is one of the indoor ornamental plants. As a result, its production using chemical compounds effective on rooting in a shorter time and with better quality is very important from a commercial point of view. For this purpose, during an experiment, the effect of different concentrations of some chemical compounds such as indole acetic acid, thiamine, glucose and zinc sulfate on the rooting of Ficus Amstel King in the form of a completely randomized design for the four categories of treatments mentioned in the propagation greenhouse of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.the propagation of Ficus Amstel King plant, semi-woody stem cuttings of this plant. in Different levels of four treatments were placed for 24 hours. 4 treatments including hormone indole acetic acid, thiamine, glucose and zinc sulfate were used in this experiment, then in the form of a completely randomized design with three repetitions and each repetition including 7 semi-woody stem cuttings were cultivated in a substrate with a mixture of cocopeat and perlite. Among the investigated treatments, in general, the best and highest quantity and quality of rooting were obtained at concentrations of 100 and 200 parts per million of indole acetic acid hormone. Also, the separate examination of other treatments shows that 100 mg/l thiamine, 5% glucose and 4 mg/l zinc sulfate had a more effective role in the rooting of Ficus Amstel King than other concentrations.

Although the Torah is a religious book, it can also be viewed as a history book of 2500 years old since it contains the stories of certain kings and historical figures. The book makes references to Achamenian kings including Cyrus, Dariush, Khashayarsha and Ardeshir. The book also contains descriptions of certain Iranian customs. The Torah is the oldest document where Cyrus charter of freedom for Jews, the story of Esther and Khashayarsha and the manure of death of Haman the minister is reflected. The Book of Daniel and the Book of Esther describe the customs and rules at the Achamenian court more than other chapters of the Torah.

Merton was born in the United States in 1910. After receiving his Ph.D. in Sociology from Harvard University, he accepted the invitation to work at the University of Columbia. He has written extensively on the theories and methods in sociology, particularly sociology of science, social problems and deviance. He was interested mostly in structural functionalism and functional analysis. Reviewing the rules and principles of classic functionalism, Merton tried to incorporate theoretical and empirical principles into the middle range theory, introduce samples of this theory from masters of classical sociology like Durkheim and Weber, present middle range theories in sociology of science and social deviance, and establish a link between sociology and everyday issues, all of which played a significant role in the development of sociology. After so many years of research, education and management in sociology and receiving Honorary Ph.D. degrees from twenty accredited universities and scientific centres worldwide, Merton died in 2003, at the ageof 93.

The influence of Mesopotamia on the political and cultural structure of Achaemenid Kingdom is not negligible. One aspect of this influence is the imperial ideology of the Achaemenids.King Inscriptions are one the most reliable resources to study the imperial ideology.In this regard, the presence of curse as a cultural motifs and as an element of those inscriptions, is a evidence of a continuous cultural and literature tradition in the imperial inscription which lasted for two millennium, from the third period of the era of the early dynasties of ancient Sumer till the end of the political life of Mesopotamia. After conquering of Mesopotamia by the Achaemenids, curse along with other political and cultural motifs used by them to illustrate the concepts of power. The aim of this paper is to show the evolution of curse in the imperial inscription of Mesopotamia, continuity and change of those motifs in ancient Persian inscriptions, and its functions in the Mesopotamian and Achaemenid Imperial inscriptions by studying the concept, scope and types of curse in the ancient Near East.

The trend of development in pulp and paper industry is to have higher filler content in writing and printing papers. However, the strength of paper will be reduced by increasing filler content, despite of maintaining many benefits such as improving the optical properties. In this study, the effect of different consumption levels of GCC and clay fillers on the strength and optical properties of a furnish containing 70% hardwood CMP and 30% bleached Softwood kraft pulps, was investigated. The results indicated that, by using GCC filler, in comparison with clay, it is possible to produce writing and printing paper at higher brightness and strength properties.